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26041. 题目: Modelled phototransformation kinetics of the antibiotic sulfadiazine in organic matter-rich lakes
文章编号: N18072420
期刊: Science of The Total Environment
作者: Davide Vione, Birgit Koehler
更新时间: 2018-07-24
摘要: Xenobiotic compounds are commonly detected in inland waters. Sunlight-induced photochemical reactions contribute to xenobiotic degradation, but the role of different photoreactions on large geographic scales remains poorly understood. Here, we used a combination of photochemical modelling and large-scale field data from 1020 lakes across Sweden to elucidate the photodegradation kinetics of the commonly used antibiotic sulfadiazine (SDZ) in organic matter-rich lakes. SDZ occurs in two forms, namely acidic HSDZ (pKa = 6.5) and basic/deprotonated SDZ . Both species are oxidised fast by the photogenerated triplet states of natural organic matter (3NOM*). However, they also undergo efficient back reactions because the partially oxidised HSDZ (and SDZ to a larger extent) can be reduced back to the initial compounds by the phenolic moieties contained in NOM. Typical lakes in Sweden are rich in NOM and have low pH, with the consequence that SDZ photochemistry would be dominated by HSDZ. Our simulation results showed that SDZ photodegradation kinetics in Swedish lakes would become significantly slower with increasing water depth and pH, while it depended little on latitude, which affects irradiance, or on organic matter content. As a consequence, SDZ would be particularly persistent in lakewater in some densely populated areas with relatively deep and high-pH lakes such as, most notably, the Stockholm region. Here the surface waters could be more heavily contaminated by pharmaceuticals compared to the scarcely populated regions in the centre-north of the country, where lakewater could otherwise promote an efficient photodegradation of SDZ.
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26042. 题目: Using delayed luminescence to characterize humic acids from lake sediments
文章编号: N18072419
期刊: Journal of Soils and Sediments
作者: Lilla Mielnik, Carlos Asensio
更新时间: 2018-07-24
摘要: Purpose: Using the delayed luminescence (DL) method, the photoluminescent properties of humic acids (HA) extracted from lake sediments were analyzed. Delayed luminescence is a promising technique for characterizing HA and other forms of organic matter of various origins. But information is insufficient regarding both its optimal operating conditions and also those environmental factors that control the chemical constitution of samples, which affects patterns of delayed luminescence. Materials and methods: The research material was HA from lake sediments. Humic acid extractions were carried out using the method developed by the International Humic Substances Society. Studies on excitation and recording of DL intensity of HA solutions were carried out with the use of a specially designed device for continuous recording of photo-induced luminescence. The DL was excited with a monochromatic light at multiple wavelengths. Results and discussion: The DL intensity depended on the wavelength of the exciting light. The highest DL intensity was obtained with excitation by blue light, the lowest DL intensity was observed with excitation by red light. Statistically significant differences among DL intensity were observed in the examined humic acids. These differences may be evidence of the variable quantitative and qualitative contributions of photoluminophores to the structure of the studied HA molecules as well as their different photochemical reactivities. For the blue- and green-excited DL intensity, statistically significant positive correlations were obtained with the elemental atomic ratio O:H and CQ coefficient. For the red-excited DL intensity, statistically significant positive correlations were obtained with the C and H content and H:C, C:N atomic ratios, while negative correlations were obtained with the free radical concentration. Conclusions: Delayed luminescence depended on the wavelength of the exciting light. The DL intensity excited by blue and green light was different than the red light-excited DL intensity. The DL depended on the primary composition of sediments and the properties and structure of HA too. The grouping of HA showed that the HA formed in organic matter-poor, silicate-rich sediments had greater DL emission than did those extracted from sediments that were enriched in organic matter.
26043. 题目: Transformation of beech forest litter as a factor that triggers arsenic solubility in soils developed on historical mine dumps
文章编号: N18072418
期刊: Journal of Soils and Sediments
作者: Anna Karczewska, Karolina Lewińska, Marcin Siepak, Bernard Ga?ka, Agnieszka Dradrach, Katarzyna Szopka
更新时间: 2018-07-24
摘要: Purpose: Soils that develop on the dumps in historical arsenic mining sites contain high concentrations of As thus constituting a serious environmental risk. This study was aimed to examine the changes in arsenic solubility in mine soils as induced by organic matter introduced with forest litter. Materials and methods: Four large samples of initially developed soils were collected from the dumps remaining in former mining sites and were incubated for 90 days at various moistures: 80% of maximum water holding capacity and 100% (flooded conditions), with and without addition of beech forest litter (BL), 50 g/kg. Soils contained up to 5.0% As. Soil pore water was collected periodically with MacroRhizon suction samplers and examined on As, Mn, and Fe concentrations, pH, Eh, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC). The properties of dissolved organic matter were characterized by UV-VIS spectroscopic parameters A4/A6 and SUVA254. Results and discussion: Application of BL resulted in an intensive release of As from soils, particularly at 100% moisture. As concentrations in soil pore water increased strongly during the first 2 or 4 weeks of incubation and then started to decrease in all cases, except for one flooded soil. As was released particularly intensively from carbonate-containing soils. The mechanisms of As mobilization, including reductive dissolution of Mn and Fe oxides and the competition with DOC for sorption sites on the oxides, were discussed as related to soil properties. Pore water concentrations of DOC were increasing at the beginning of incubation and started to decrease after two or four weeks. Spectroscopic parameters of dissolved organic matter in ZS soils indicated increasing aromaticity and progress of humification. Conclusions: Forest litter introduced to mine dump soils causes a mobilization of As into soil pore water. This effect, particularly strong in carbonate-rich soils, is apparently related to high concentrations of DOC and usually declines with time, which may be explained by the progress in humification. The relationships between DOC properties and As speciation in soil pore water should be dissected for better interpretation of experimental results.
26044. 题目: The influence of soil organic matter fractions on aggregates stabilization in agricultural and forest soils of selected Slovak and Czech hilly lands
文章编号: N18072417
期刊: Journal of Soils and Sediments
作者: Nora Polláková, Vladimír ?imansk?, Miroslav Kravka
更新时间: 2018-07-24
摘要: Purpose: Because the stability of soil aggregates is affected by many factors, we studied aggregates formed in forest and agricultural soils in different soil types (Cambisols, Luvisols, Chernozems). We evaluated: (1) the differences in water-stable aggregates (WSA) as related to soil type and land management and (2) the relationships between quantitative and qualitative parameters of soil organic matter (SOM), particle-size distribution and individual size classes of WSA. Materials and methods: Soil samples were taken from three localities (Sobě ice, Báb, Vieska nad itavou). Each study locality included both a forest and an agricultural soil-sampling area. Results and discussion: We found that in forest soils, the proportion of water-stable macroaggregates (WSAma) relative to water-stable microaggregates (WSAmi) was greater than in agricultural soils. When all soils were assessed together, positive statistically significant correlations were observed between the size classes WSAma > 1 mm and organic carbon (Corg) content; however, the WSAmi content was negatively correlated with Corg content. Favorable humus quality positively influenced the stabilization of WSAma > 5 mm; however, we found it had a negative statistically significant effect on stabilization of WSAma 1–0.25 mm. In agricultural soils, the stabilization of WSAma was associated with humified, i.e., stable SOM. The WSAma content was highly positively influenced mainly by fulvic acids bound with clay and sesquioxides; therefore, we consider this humus fraction to be a key to macroaggregate stability in the studied agricultural soils. On the other side, all fractions of humic and fulvic acids participated on the formation of WSAma in forest soil, which is a major difference in organic stabilization agents of macroaggregates between studied forest and agricultural soils. Another considerable difference is that WSAmi in agricultural soils were stabilized primarily with humic acids and in forest soils by fulvic acids. Moreover, in forest soils, a higher content of labile carbon in WSA had a positive effect on formation of WSAmi. Conclusions: The observed changes in individual size classes of WSA and interactions between SOM, particle-size distribution, and WSA have a negative impact on soil fertility and thereby endanger agricultural sustainability.
26045. 题目: The impact of restoration processes on the selected soil properties and organic matter transformation of mountain fens under Caltho-Alnetum community in the Babiogórski National Park in Outer Flysch Carpathians, Poland
文章编号: N18072416
期刊: Journal of Soils and Sediments
作者: Pawe? Nicia, Romualda Bejger, Pawe? Zadro?ny, Maria Sterzyńska
更新时间: 2018-07-24
摘要: Purpose: The objective of this study was to determine the impact of restoration processes on the selected soil properties and organic matter transformation of mountain fens under the Caltho-Alnetum community in the Babiogórski National Park in Outer Flysch Carpathians. Materials and methods: Restoration processes were conducted on three degraded mountain fens in the Babiogórski National Park in Outer Flysch Carpathians, Poland. The degradation degree of soils was the criterion for the selection of habitats for further studies. To determine the influence of restoration processes on mountain fen soil properties and organic matter transformation, samples were collected in 2011 and 2013. The soil samples were assayed for pH, base cation concentration, hydrolytic acidity, organic carbon and total nitrogen content, total exchangeable base cation concentration, cation exchange capacity, and base saturation. Organic matter fractions were extracted by IHSS method. Quantitative and qualitative study of organic matter was based on fraction composition analysis and the ratio of humic acid carbon to fulvic acid carbon. The research results were statistically verified. Results and discussion: Based on morphological and chemical properties, the studied mountain fen soils can be classified as Sapric Dranic Eutric Histosols and Sapric Dranic Dystric Histosols according to WRB guidelines (2015). Before restoration processes, the mountain fen soils subjected to a different water regime showed various contents of total nitrogen and organic carbon. The decreasing of the groundwater level was reflected in pH, calcium ion content, exchangeable base cation concentration, and base saturation. The increase of the groundwater level had influence on chemical properties of mountain fen soils such as pH, total exchangeable base cation concentration, hydrolytic acidity, cation exchange capacity, and base saturation. Three-year restoration processes did not cause significant changes in the composition of humic substance fractions. Conclusions: Mountain fens under Caltho-Alnetum community are priority habitats in Babiogórski National Park in Outer Flysch Carpathians, Poland. These habitats responded to restoration processes in varying degrees depending on the extent of their degradation. The least degraded mountain fen was characterized by a short response time on the restoration processes. The reaction of higher degraded habitats was weaker.
26046. 题目: The impact of different land uses in urban area on humus quality
文章编号: N18072415
期刊: Journal of Soils and Sediments
作者: Lidia Oktaba, Diana Odrobińska, ?ukasz Uzarowicz
更新时间: 2018-07-24
摘要: Purpose: In urban areas, humus quantity and quality depend less on natural environmental factors than on anthropogenic ones. The aim of the study was to assess the impact of different land use types of urban soils on the properties of soil organic matter (SOM). Materials and methods: Thirty-five sites involving four ways of soil use were examined: lawns, allotment gardens, fallows, and arable lands. The study was conducted in Pruszków Town in the Warsaw Agglomeration, Central Poland. Lawns and allotment gardens were located in the central part of the town, whereas fallows and arable lands were in the peripheral zones. Humus horizons, to a depth of 0–20 cm, were analyzed. Using Na-pyrophosphate extraction, we determined the soluble SOM compounds (PY), and the organic matter in the extraction residue, considered as humins (HM). In a separate extraction (with 0.05 M H2SO4), low molecular weight (LMW) humus compounds were determined. The quantity of humic acids (HA) precipitated during Na-pyrophosphate extraction was determined as well. A spectroscopic method (UV-Vis) was used to characterize HA properties. The absorption coefficients E4/E6 were calculated based on the results of absorbance measurements involving 465- and 665-nm wavelengths of UV-Vis light. Statistical analyses were performed to find similarities and differences between soils differently used in Pruszków. Results and discussion: The dominant part of the humus in the studied soils were humins HMs. There were two times more HM in the central part of the town than that in the peripheral zones. The same observation was made for soluble humus compounds (PY). The amount of LMW fractions was similar in soils of all uses. The degree of humification was small and averaged about 30% for all soils. Fulvic acid (FA) concentrations predominated over HA concentrations in all soils. The least condensed HA occurred in the allotment gardens with an E4/E6 ratio of 5.7, whereas the most condensed HAs were present in soil on arable lands (E4/E6 ratio of 4.7). Conclusions: The studies have shown that the type of land use affects humus properties. The main differences were found to be in the quantity of humus compounds. Soils from the central part of the town contained more stable (HM) and soluble (PY) compounds than soils in the outskirts of town. PY compounds were characterized by a simple structure. Fulvic acids (FA) dominated in all of the studied soils (low HA/FA ratio). A high E4/E6 ratio indicates low maturity of humic fractions with low molecular weight compounds.
26047. 题目: The efficiency of Cd phytoextraction by S. plumbizincicola increased with the addition of rice straw to polluted soils: the role of particulate organic matter
文章编号: N18072414
期刊: Plant and Soil
作者: Tong Zhou, Longhua Wu, Peter Christie, Yongming Luo, Dario A. Fornara
更新时间: 2018-07-24
摘要: Background and aims: The addition of organic amendments to soils can significantly increase soil organic matter (SOM) content as well as the mass of large (e.g. 2000–250 μm) particulate organic matter (POM) fractions. Here we address whether the addition of organic amendments might affect both POM pools and the phytoextraction efficiency of Sedum plumbizincicola (S. plumbizincicola) in cadmium (Cd) polluted soils. Methods: We carried out a 442-days long pot experiment and measured Cd uptake by S. plumbizincicola for four successive plant crops in two polluted paddy soils subjected to rice straw (RS) amendment. We also measured soil pH, nutrient availability, pore water dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and Cd concentrations across different soil particle-size fractions. Results: We found that RS amendments had no significant effects on soil pH, DOC or Cd concentrations in bulk soils during repeated phytoextraction. However, RS amendments were associated with significant (1) increases (i.e. 14.3 to 20.7%) in Cd uptake by S. plumbizincicola plants from the first crop harvest, (2) increases in available soil nutrients content, (3) increases in the percentage of oxidizable Cd fractions and the mass of soil POM fractions, and (4) decreases in POM Cd concentrations after repeated phytoextraction. These findings suggest that POM fractions may represent important accessible pools of Cd for uptake by S. plumbizincicola plants. Conclusions: RS amendments enhance both Cd bioavailability within soil POM pools and Cd uptake by the hyperaccumulator S. plumbizincicola thus providing an effective management practice to improve Cd removal from polluted soils through phytoextraction.
26048. 题目: The effect of landslide on soil organic carbon stock and biochemical properties of soil
文章编号: N18072413
期刊: Journal of Soils and Sediments
作者: Ewa B?ońska, Jaros?aw Lasota, Wojciech Piaszczyk, Ma?gorzata Wieche?, Anna Klamerus-Iwan
更新时间: 2018-07-24
摘要: Purpose: The aim of the study was to present variability of content and quality of soil organic matter on the landslide surface. Attempts were made to demonstrate the progress of the process of soil cover restoration 7 years after the landslides and biochemical activity of soil associated with the restoration of soil cover. Materials and methods: The landslide area was located in southern Poland, in the Sucha Forest District. The soil properties were studied on a regular grid of points, which covered the entire area of the landslide. In soil samples, particle size, soil aggregates content, pH, total carbon and nitrogen content, microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen and the activity of dehydrogenases were determined. Additionally, the fractions of soil organic matter were used in the study as an indicator of soil quality due to the many important interactions of these components in the soil system. Results and discussion: This study identified the landslide area as characterised by a stronger diversification of physical, chemical, and biological properties. The upper part of the landslide (in the area referred to as the landslide niche) is strongly eroded and characterised by the least advanced soil cover recovery. Additionally, low soil organic matter content was observed in the upper part of the landslide, which restricted biological activity of the studied soils. Soil microbial biomass carbon increased with restoration of landslide soils. Conclusions: The soil organic matter plays a key role for the initial stage of soil formation on a landslide. The amount of soil organic matter on the studied landslide had a positive effect on the microbial biomasses C and N, dehydrogenases activity. Estimating the soil organic matter fraction can be utilised as an indicator of changes in soil.
26049. 题目: The effect of application of organic manures and mineral fertilizers on the state of soil organic matter and nutrients in the long-term field experiment
文章编号: N18072412
期刊: Journal of Soils and Sediments
作者: Ladislav Men?ík, Luká? Hlisnikovsk?, Lubica Pospí?ilová, Eva Kunzová
更新时间: 2018-07-24
摘要: Purpose: Soil organic matter (SOM) plays an important role in terrestrial ecosystems and agroecosystems. Changes in the agricultural sector in the Czech Republic within the past 25 years have had a negative impact on SOM content and contribute to gradual soil degradation. The aim of this study is to estimate the effect of long-term application of different mineral fertilizers (NPK) and organic manures (manure, cattle slurry) on soil chemical properties (quality of humus, available nutrients, and soil reaction). Materials and methods: Soil samples were collected from Luvisol during two selected periods 1994–2003 and 2014–2016 from long-term field experiment carried out in Prague-Ruzyně (Czech Republic). Average annual temperature is 8.5 °C, and annual precipitations are 485 mm. Different fertilization regimes have been applied for 62 years. The crop rotation was as follows: cereals (45%), root crops (33%) and legumes (22%). Soil analysis—soil organic carbon (SOC) was determined by oxidimetric titration method. Short fractionation method for evaluation of humic substance (HS), humic acid (HA) and fulvic acid (FA) content was used. Absorbance of HS in UV-VIS spectral range was measured by Varian Carry 50 Probe UV-VIS spectrometer. Degree of humification (DH) and color index (Q4/6) were calculated from fractional composition data. Soil reaction was measured by potentiometric method. Available nutrients (phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, calcium) were determined by Mehlich II and Mehlich I methods and by ICP-OES. For data analysis, the following are used: exploratory data analysis, ANOVA, and principal component analysis (PCA). Results and discussion: PCA analysis differentiated fertilizers into two categories: (1) variant NPK (lower quality of humus)—higher acidity, lower SOC and HS content, predomination of FA, higher DH and lower content of available nutrients; (2) variants with organic manures (higher quality of humus)—lower acidity, higher SOC and HS content, predomination of HA, middle DH, and high content of available nutrients. The main result of presented study is to give a synthesis of effect of different type of fertilizers on a sustainable organic matter management in arable soils, with respect to yields, food security and adaptation to predict climate changes. Conclusions: Long-term application of mineral fertilizers (NPK) without organic matter input can accelerate humus mineralization and soil quality degradation with all negative consequences such as (nitrogen leaching, higher availability of toxic element for plants, slow energy for soil microorganisms etc.). Application of organic fertilizers (manure and cattle slurry) helps to achieve the long-term stable yields while maintaining soil at optimum quality (long-term sustainable management with SOM). Principal component analysis is a useful tool for evaluation of soil quality changes.
26050. 题目: Studying of the interaction between peat humic acids and metazachlor using spectroscopy methods
文章编号: N18072411
期刊: Journal of Soils and Sediments
作者: Romualda Bejger, Lilla Mielnik, Ma?gorzata W?odarczyk, Pawe? Nicia
更新时间: 2018-07-24
摘要: Purpose: The analysis covered the interaction of humic acids (HA) isolated from peats with the metazachlor using spectroscopic methods. Materials and methods: Five peatlands have been selected for the study in the southern and northern parts of Poland. Extraction of humic acids (HA1, HA2, HA3, HA4, and HA5) was performed using a procedure recommended by the International Humic Substances Society. Metazachlor 500 SC with metazachlor as a biologically active substance [2-chloro-N-(pyrazol-1-ylmethyl)acet-2′,6′-xylidide] has been used. HA have been assessed on the basis of their elemental composition. Spectroscopic techniques have been used to study the HA structure and their interaction with metazachlor including: UV-visible spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, and delayed luminescence (DL) Results and discussion: Based on their morphological and chemical properties, the studied peat soils can be classified as follows: (1) Eutric Murshic Sapric Histosols, (2) Eutric Sapric Histosols, (3) Eutric Hemic Histosols, (4) Eutric Fibric Histosols, and (5) Dystric Dranic Hemic Histosols according to the WRB guidelines (2015). Results showed that the largest particle size, measured by E4/6 coefficient, was found in HA2 sample, while the smallest in HA3 sample. The addition of metazachlor to HA solutions reduced the values of E4/6 coefficient by 33 to 72%, while the values of hydrodynamic diameter by 4 to 32%. No significant changes were found between E4/6 after adding of metazachlor to HA solutions. The largest changes in DL intensity, excited both by blue and red light after herbicide addition, were observed in HA2 sample, which is characterized by the largest particle size, the highest oxygen content and CQ value as well as the lowest “aromatization rate” value. Conclusions: The particle sizes of HA molecules measured by E4/6 coefficient do not impact on the particle sizes of HA-herbicide systems measured by the same ratio. The delayed luminescence may become valuable, because it is simple, fast, and sensitive. Additionally, the results show minor errors comparing with chemical methods. This method may provide information about structure and nature of humic acids, as well as their photoreactivity. The using of delayed luminescence in studies of HA-pesticides interaction may enable us to better understand the luminescence properties of HA.
26051. 题目: Seasonal changes in the content of dissolved organic matter in arable soils
文章编号: N18072410
期刊: Journal of Soils and Sediments
作者: Ewa Rosa, Bozena Debska
更新时间: 2018-07-24
摘要: Purpose: The aim of this paper has been to determine the seasonal changes in the content of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in the soils under agricultural use based on assaying changes in dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and dissolved nitrogen (DNt) as well as determining the factors which can define the DOM in soils. Materials and methods: The research has involved the soils under agricultural use sampled in the Kujawsko-Pomorskie province (Poland). Phaeozems and Luvisols were sampled from the depth of 0–30, 30–60, and 60–100 cm, November 2011 through September 2013, in November, March, May, July, and September. The soil samples were assayed for the grain size composition, pH, dry weight content, content of total organic carbon, and total nitrogen. Dissolved organic matter was extracted with 0.004 mol dm3 CaCl2; in the DOM extracts, the content of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and dissolved nitrogen (DNt) were assayed. The research results were statistically verified. Results and discussion: It has been demonstrated that in the first year of research, the content of dissolved organic carbon in the soils was changing throughout the year. The highest differences in the content of that carbon fraction occurred across the soil sampled in autumn and the soil sampled in spring. In the second year of research, an inverse dependence was noted. DOC was migrating to deeper layers of the soil profile; yet, the migration got more intensive in summer. The content of dissolved nitrogen was not changing significantly throughout the year. Higher DNt content in the surface layer, in general, resulted in a higher content of dissolved nitrogen in deeper profile layer, which could have been due to leaching of the nutrient deep down the soil profile. Conclusions: The content of dissolved organic carbon was significantly related to the content of total organic carbon and total nitrogen. Significant changes in the content of dissolved forms of nitrogen were reported in the profile of Phaeozems due to mineral fertilization and irrigation. The soils where irrigation and higher nitrogen rates had been applied demonstrated a higher content and share of soluble forms of nitrogen, as compared with the soils non-irrigated and the soils where lower nitrogen rates had been supplied.
26052. 题目: Quantitative and qualitative characterisation of humic products with spectral parameters
文章编号: N18072409
期刊: Journal of Soils and Sediments
作者: Ekaterina Filcheva, Mariana Hristova, Pavlina Nikolova, Todorka Popova, Konstantin Chakalov, Valentin Savov
更新时间: 2018-07-24
摘要: Purpose: The application of different humic products for the treatment of soils and plants has increased in recent years. The characteristics of humic products, such as the content and composition of organic carbon and the maturity, provide valuable information which is essential for an adequate application. Such information is crucial for manufacturers, business consultants and users involved in the production, distribution and implementation of humic products. This article presents the correlation between the quantitative indicators of commercial humic products and their spectral characteristics via measurements in the ultraviolet spectrum at 300 nm, in the visible area at 445 and 665 nm and in the near-infrared spectrum at 850 nm. Materials and methods: We evaluated humic products (liquid and solid) of different origins. Via wet combustion, the content of total organic carbon in humic products can be determined. The precipitation of humic acids from the starting solution determines the composition of the humic products in terms of humic acids (HAs) and fulvic acids (FAs). The dissolution of HAs determines their concentration by titration, while the specific extinction can be assessed via spectrophotometry via measuring the absorption of HAs spectra at the following wavelengths: 300, 465, 665 and 850 nm. The degree of aromaticity and condensation of humic products determines the optical density of the HAs via the E4/E6 ratio. Results and discussion: The content of total organic carbon varied widely from 0.55 to 37.5% across all groups. The content of carbon in HAs, as a percentage of the total carbon in fulvic-type humic products, ranged from 1.29 to 16.00%, while in humic-type products, it ranged from 51.43 to 91.92%. The minimum value of the E4/E6 ratio was 2.97, while the maximum value was 6.35. We observed a direct relationship between the dominant type of acids in humic products and the E4/E6 ratio. Conclusions: The optical density of HAs indicates their quality characteristics. The presented optical characteristics for humic products show that there is a direct relationship, especially between HAs/FAs and E4/E6 ratios. Measurement at 300 nm (E300) in the near-ultraviolet area and at 850 nm (E850) in the near-infrared area can increase the range of the spectral study.
26053. 题目: Qualitative and quantitative soil organic matter estimation for sustainable soil management
文章编号: N18072408
期刊: Journal of Soils and Sediments
作者: Jolanta Kwiatkowska-Malina
更新时间: 2018-07-24
摘要: Purpose: The aims of this paper were to review tools and methods for qualitative and quantitative evaluation of soil organic matter (SOM) coming from diverse egzogenic sources for effective soil management, and to introduce a new approach to predict dynamics of SOM transformations, especially humification, as a key process in the formation of humic substances (HSs). Materials and methods: A review of existing literature is presented on tools and methods for qualitative and quantitative assessment of organic matter in soil originating from various sources for reasonable soil management, attempting to provide a better understanding of the advances in organic matter transformations and new research directions for modeling. Diverse tools and methods for qualitative and quantitative evaluation of organic matter in soil coming from diverse sources have been adopted so far to express transformation processes. Results and discussion: For the qualitative analysis of SOM and humic acids (HAs), the analytical techniques are applied, e.g., HPSEC, NMR, and ESI-FTICRMS. The quantitative analysis is done through the following parameters: humification index (HI), humification degree (HD), and humification rate (HR). These analyses indicated that because of lack of reliable data from sufficiently long-term experiments, mathematical modeling may be applied as a numerical tool for quantitative estimation and prediction of humification of SOM. The effective soil management should include soil properties as well as different functions: food production, nutrient and water cycling, storage, filtrating, buffering, biological habitat, gene pool, source of raw materials, climate regulations, heritage, platform for man-made structure. The soil utility value should be evaluated through the SOM qualitative and quantitative analysis of organic carbon and total nitrogen. Knowledge about dynamics of SOM transformations is essential, particularly in the context of stability and efficiency of different sources of organic matter applied into soil. A qualitative understanding of SOM dynamics transformations along with modeling for quantitative assessment of HS formation should be used to develop sustainable soil management. The modeling may be considered as a tool for predicting SOM humification dynamics and consequently the formation of HSs from the diverse sources. The existing archival data from a long-term experiment may be used to build and calibrate the reliable mathematical model of SOM humification. Conclusions: Managing of SOM remains a sound basis for maintaining soil in a good condition for optimizing productivity. The development of land management strategies to optimize both the increase of soil organic carbon levels and the recycling of nutrients from SOM needs to be a priority. This should include policy makers and other users as well.
26054. 题目: Particle and structure characterization of fulvic acids from agricultural soils
文章编号: N18072407
期刊: Journal of Soils and Sediments
作者: Aleksandra Ukalska-Jaruga, Guillaume Debaene, Bo?ena Smreczak
更新时间: 2018-07-24
摘要: Purpose: Structural studies on fulvic acids (FAs) are of significant importance since FAs are involved in many environmentally important processes, such as adsorption and transportation of nutrients, trace elements, and organic pollutants. Interactions between suspended and dissolved soil components are controlled by a variety of attractive and repulsive interparticle forces influenced partially by FA properties. The aim of this paper is a detailed characterization of FAs derived from agricultural soils varied with physicochemical properties. Materials and methods: Forty topsoils (pHKCL = 3.8–7.8, clay content = 0–6%, and TOC = 7.0–187.2 g kg-1) were collected from rural area. Fulvic acids (FAs) were isolated according to the IHSS method. The overall FA solutions were purified by nonionic macroporous acrylic ester resin (DAX-8), and the organic carbon content in FA fraction (FA-OC) was determined by a liquid C–N analyzer. The particle size diameter (PSD) and polydispersity (PDI) were analyzed by a dynamic light scattering technique, while the zeta potential (ZP) was measured using an electrophoretic light scattering method. Spectroscopic properties of FAs, including occurrence and distribution of functional groups, were investigated by near-IR spectroscopy. Results and discussion: Agricultural soils differed substantially, with FA-OC content ranging from 0.6 to 8.8 g kg-1 that accounted for 0.5 to 22.6% of TOC. The PSD exhibited wide range of particle size (0.2 to 69.6 nm) and was characterized by different polydispersity (14–183.1%). The ZP described the behavior, and surface charge of FA particles varied from 1.7 to + 3.3 mV. Low ZP characterized 77% of FAs and indicated the ease of aggregate formation and intermolecular connections. The measured ZP also showed that suspended organic particles of FAs had both positive and negative charges, which was confirmed by the spectroscopic analysis. The presence of negative charges on FA particle surfaces was connected with the occurrence of phenol and carboxyl groups while positive charge with amine. Conclusions: Detailed characterization of FAs from agricultural soils confirms their heterogeneous and complex nature. The results indicate that FAs mainly exist as small molecules that form molecular aggregates or associations in solutions. FA in a solution of a similar ionic strength may be positively or negatively charged due to its chemical structure and aggregate behavior which affects their properties in the soil.
26055. 题目: Mutual relations between PAHs derived from atmospheric deposition, enzymatic activity, and humic substances in soils of differently urbanized areas
文章编号: N18072406
期刊: Journal of Soils and Sediments
作者: El?bieta J. Bielińska, Barbara Futa, Aleksandra Ukalska-Jaruga, Jerzy Weber, Szymon Chmielewski, Sylwia Weso?owska, Agnieszka Mocek-P?óciniak, Krzysztof Patkowski, Lilla Mielnik
更新时间: 2018-07-24
摘要: Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine the mutual relations between polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) originated from atmospheric emissions and enzymatic activity and humic substances in soils at differently urbanized area, on an example of the Lublin city, east Poland. Materials and methods: The chosen areas represented three differently urbanized environments: old tenement houses and modern residential blocks, mixture of different building and rural landscape, and typical rural environment with smallholding farms, respectively. On each of the urban, suburban, and rural areas, one representative plot was chosen on fallow lands classified as luvisol derived from loess. The soil samples were collected from the top 25 cm layer. The following properties were determined: pH, organic carbon, total nitrogen, humic and fulvic acids, PAHs content (14 PAHs from US EPA list), and the activities of the following enzymes: dehydrogenases, acid phosphatase, alkane phosphatase, protease, and urease. Results and discussion: Higher contents of organic C and total N were found in the rural soil samples. The share of humic acid was similar in all soils investigated, ranging from 19.38 to 25.27%, while fulvic acid values differ significantly between urban and rural areas. The urban soils indicated much lower share of fulvic acids (9.78–10.99%) than those of rural (29.02–29.32%). Consequently, the values of the CHA:CFA ratio of the urban soil were approximately two times higher than those of the rural soil. The results showed that both the rate of humification and the activity of dehydrogenases, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, and proteases in the soils increased in the following sequence: urban < suburban < rural. Conclusions: The results showed that an increase of PAHs in the urbanized areas affect other soil properties. The phenanthrene/anthracene and fluoranthene/pyrene ratios pointed to coal combustion as the principal source of PAHs in the investigated soils. The PAH content in the urbanized area inhibit humification processes in the soil and the activity of dehydrogenases, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, and proteases.
26056. 题目: Molecular composition of the Humeome extracted from different green composts and their biostimulation on early growth of maize
文章编号: N18072405
期刊: Plant and Soil
作者: Hiarhi Monda, Vincenza Cozzolino, Giovanni Vinci, Marios Drosos, Davide Savy, Alessandro Piccolo
更新时间: 2018-07-24
摘要: Background and aims: The use of composted agricultural wastes as source of biostimulant compounds provides an added value to the recycling of biomasses. This study aims to expand the knowledge on the relationship between molecular composition and bioactivity of the Humeome extracted from green composts. Methods: Humic acids (HA) were isolated from the following green composts: 1. artichoke (HA-CYN), 2. artichoke/fennel (HA-CYNF), 3. tomato (HA-TOM), 4. cauliflower (HA-CAV). The compost-extracted Humeome was characterized by solid- and liquid-state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy, Infrared Spectrometry, pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Pyr-GC/MS), elemental and thermal analyses (TGA, DSC), and the effects on maize (Zea mays L.) seedling growth (roots and shoots) and leaves chlorophyll content, investigated at three different concentration rates (25, 50 and 100 mg L-1 C). Results: All Humeomes from green composts generally favored plant growth, with HA-CYN and HA-CAV being active at small concentrations, while HA-TOM and HA-CYNF at greater application rates. The response of HA-CYN and HA-CAV was attributed to their large hydrophobicity that may favor adhesion to roots surfaces and concomitant release of bioactive molecules, whereas the toxicity of phenolic moieties in HA-TOM and HA-CYNF could only be mitigated by tighter intermolecular aggregation at greater concentrations. Conclusion: Bioactivity of Humeomes from green composts appeared to be related to their composition and consequent conformational structure in solution, whose flexibility determines the potential release of bioactive molecules that directly or indirectly influence plants development.
26057. 题目: Humic matter: basis for life—a plea for humics care
文章编号: N18072404
期刊: Journal of Soils and Sediments
作者: Fritz H. Frimmel, Gudrun Abbt-Braun
更新时间: 2018-07-24
摘要: Purpose: Humic matter (HM) is the leftover from life and at the same time the source for new life. The resulting complex system with many interactions has become a crucial part for the anthropocene and by this for the survival of mankind. Based on the results of the application of advanced analytical tools, the structures, reactions and interactions of HM are discussed. Materials and methods: HM was investigated from different water samples (ground water, bog lake, waste water effluent). Fulvic acids (FA) and humic acids (HA) were isolated from a bog lake and from waste water effluent according to the XAD-method described by the International Humic Substances Society. Parameters like dissolved organic carbon (DOC), spectral absorption coefficient at λ = 254 nm (SAK), AOX (on activated carbon absorbable organically bound halogen) and THM (trihalomethanes) were determined according to ISO standard methods. For additional characterization, size exclusion chromatography coupled with online DOC detection and solid-state NMR were applied. The degradation of HM was studied by heterogeneous photocatalysis with titanium dioxide. Membrane separation, done as ultra- and nanofiltration, was used to characterize different size fractions of HM. Results and discussion: The water solubility and hence the omnipresence of HM in aquatic systems opens the door for obtaining well-defined samples for experiments with meaningful results. Information on transport properties and reactivity, derived from the molecular size of HM, was obtained by using membrane filtration at different pore sizes. Photocatalytic degradation of HM was investigated by irradiation of suspensions with TiO2 as catalyst. Small organic acids (e.g. formic acid) were formed before total mineralisation occurred. Conclusions: It can be concluded that the properties of HM are well derivable from their molecular data. The resulting character of HM with respect of the human environment seems to be obviously ambivalent and asks for a sound understanding and proper management to support life in a sustainable way.
26058. 题目: Humic acid and biochar as specific sorbents of pesticides
文章编号: N18072403
期刊: Journal of Soils and Sediments
作者: Irmina ?wiel?g-Piasecka, Agnieszka Medyńska-Juraszek, Maria Jerzykiewicz, Magdalena D?bicka, Jakub Bekier, El?bieta Jamroz, Dorota Kawa?ko
更新时间: 2018-07-24
摘要: Purpose: The aim of the research was to compare the effect of two types of organic sorbents—humic acid (HA) and biochar (BC)—in sorption-desorption processes of different polar pesticides, which residues are commonly present in arable soils and are potentially harmful for the environment. It also aims to advance the understanding of behavior of both ionizable and nonionizable pesticides in the presence of BC and HA in soils. Materials and methods: Three different classes of pesticides were investigated: carbamates (carbaryl and carbofuran), phenoxyacetic acids (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid (MCPA)), and aniline derivatives (metolachlor). Investigated humic acid was extracted by Shnitzer’s method from topsoil horizon of arable Gleyic Phaeozem. Biochar was produced from wheat straw in gasification process at 550 °C, remaining 30 s in the reactor. To obtain the experimental goal structural properties of both sorbents were determined and sorption-desorption experiments conducted. To the investigated organic matter samples (HA or BC), 10 or 15 mg L-1 pesticide solutions in 10 mM CaCl2 were added and the mixtures were shaken for 24 h. Afterwards, the samples were centrifuged and supernatants analyzed by LC-MS/MS for the pesticide content. Analogous experiment was performed for desorption studies (samples refilled with 10 mM CaCl2). Results and discussion: Humic acids exhibited strong affinity for the ionic substances, for which high-percentage uptake (74.6 and 67.9% initial dose of 2,4-D and MCPA, respectively) was obtained. Retention of nonionic carbamates on HA was much weaker (35.4% of carbofuran and 10.2% of carbaryl sorbed). Sorption of carbamates to BC was significantly reduced (76.4–84.3%) by the alkaline hydrolysis. Metolachlor was bound comparably strong both by HA (72.9%) and BC (70.2%), although different mechanisms governed its sorption. Noticeable desorption occurred only in the case of 2,4-D bound to HA (over 50%), whereas other studied compounds were released from HA within the range of 4.4–10.8% of the dose sorbed. Oppositely to HA, desorption of all studied pesticides from BC was completely inhibited, except for 2,4-D (3.7% desorbed). Conclusions: Investigated humic acid has high affinity to polar, ionic pesticides of high water solubility, which are sorbed via specific interactions with HA functional groups. Studied biochar, due to its moderately hydrophobic character, preferentially attracts nonionic pesticides of relatively high logP values and low water solubility. Hydrophobic bonding is postulated as a main mechanism of their attraction to BC. Besides sorbent structural properties, pH is the main factor governing sorption equilibria in the studied mixtures.
26059. 题目: Evaluation of the possibilities of using humic acids obtained from lignite in the production of commercial fertilizers
文章编号: N18072402
期刊: Journal of Soils and Sediments
作者: Marta Huculak-M?czka, Józef Hoffmann, Krystyna Hoffmann
更新时间: 2018-07-24
摘要: Purpose: Technological progress and high market demand contributed to a significant interest in the production of fertilizers based on humic acids. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possibilities of using humic acids obtained from lignite in the production of new commercial products. For this purpose, it is necessary to determine the quality standard requirements for such material. Properties of humic acids depend on source of origin as well as method of its extraction. Materials and methods: The humic acids were extracted from polish deposit of lignite–Sieniawa Lubuska by alkaline extraction using for this purpose six kinds of extractants: 0.1 M NaOH and 0.25 M NaOH, 0.1 M KOH and 0.25 M KOH, and 0.1 M Na4P2O7 and 0.25 M Na4P2O7. The humic samples were used in solid powder form and characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, 13C NMR spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, and thermal analysis. Results and discussion: The determining factor influencing a degree of humic acids extraction from lignite and their structure is type of extractant. The largest efficiency of extraction (about 50%) was obtained with the use of NaOH solutions. All examined humic acids were generally characterized by simple and heterogeneous molecularly structure with low molecular weight and low aromatic polycondensation. Therefore, it can be concluded that humic acids extracted with NaOH and KOH solutions are less condensed than those extracted with Na4P2O7 solutions. It can suggest that humic acids obtained from lignite using solutions of Na4P2O7 are characterized by a low transformation degree and greater amount of carboxyl groups. Conclusions: Low rank coal can be successfully used in agriculture as a rich source of humic acids. Reagent used in their extraction, apart from high efficiency should have a neutral impact on their structure. Studies on the physicochemical properties of humic acids can be helpful in predicting behaviors of such fertilizer components in the environment and in inventing new products taking the principles of sustainable development into consideration.
26060. 题目: Dissolved organic matter, nutrients, and bacteria in Antarctic soil core from Schirmacher Oasis
文章编号: N18072401
期刊: Journal of Soils and Sediments
作者: Viia Lepane, Kai Künnis-Beres, Enn Kaup, Bhupesh Sharma
更新时间: 2018-07-24
摘要: Purpose: This study focuses on the application of HPLC in dissolved organic matter (DOM) research in Antarctic environment together with nutrients and heterotrophic bacteria (HB) analyses. The specific aims were to investigate changes in DOM components characteristics and in nutrients in soil core from ground active layer and upper permafrost, to relate obtained data to active heterotrophic bacteria records after applying statistical data treatment methods, and to explore the potential impact of environment. Materials and methods: A single Antarctic 1.9-m deep soil core drilled at a site without human impact from Schirmacher Oasis, located 70° 46′ 02″ S and 11° 45′ 11″ E, was explored. The chromophoric DOM (CDOM) was characterized by soil water analysis using multi-wavelength HPLC. Total organic carbon and total nitrogen were determined by elemental analysis, the total phosphorus by inductively coupled plasma spectrometry. The vertical changes in those nutrients and their ratios were investigated. The microbiological analysis was accomplished through the determination of psychrotrophic and psychrophilic aerobic HB numbers by colony-forming units counting method, and by epifluorescence microscopy examination. Cluster analysis using the Ward method and principal component analysis was performed on the chromatographic and microbiology data to reveal similar layers in studied soil core. Results and discussion: In active soil layer, the CDOM was missing thus indicating rather active decomposition of organic material or organic debris by the local microbial community. In deep permafrost layers, the quantity of CDOM preserved in soil water increased. The content of total organic carbon in soil was low, between 0.05 and 0.2%, and decreased down the core. The vertical changes in nutrients (total N and P), the ratios C/N and C/P, followed total organic carbon profile suggesting similar sources. Microbiological analyses showed decreasing vertical concentrations of active HB. Statistical data treatment methods enabled clustering of soil core into three zones according to depth. Conclusions: The obtained results contribute to better understanding of organic carbon-related processes in an almost un-polluted Antarctic environment. The CDOM, macronutrients, C/N, C/P, and HB profile characteristics of the Antarctic soil core clearly demonstrate the effect of environment (active or permafrost soil layers). The study demonstrated that combining HPLC with multi-wavelength detection and microbial analyses with statistical data treatment is potentially a promising tool of investigating changes in Antarctic soil DOM and in soil waters generally.